MODALS

MODALS

Modals + simple form (modals + Verb1)

Modal	The use, examples:
Can/could	·   to express ability = dapat, bisa,mungkin. Could adalah bentuk past dari can. àWhen I was a child I couldn’t swim across the river, but now I can. ·   Could is used as polite remark in a request: àCould you do me a favor? is more polite than Can you do me a favor?
May/might	·   to express permission = boleh, mungkin. Might adalah bentuk past dari May. àYesterday I might go home early. Why may I not go home early now? ·   = express possibility. In the future or at the present time. àShe may come late because of the traffict jam. è She might not have money to buy a new car.
Should/Had better	·   To express a suggestion/ an opinion/ advice (usulan/ saran/nasehat) àYou should/ had better study tonight. = it is a good idea if you study tonight. ·   To express hope/ expectation (harapan) è My check should arrive next week. = I hope that the check will arrive next week.
Must	·   To express an obligation / a neccessity =harus,usah àYou must call your insurance today. An automobile must have gasoline to run. ·   To express a logical conclusion =pastilah/mestinya àThe grass is wet. It must have rained.
Will/ Shall	·   =akan àI will call you back later. I shall be home before 9  p.m.
Would/ ought to	·   = akan à would adalah bentuk past dari will à To express  past habits è I will go to Surabaya tomorrow. è When you saw me at the market, I would buy vegetables and fruits. è I would play in the rain when I was a child. (dulu biasanya)

Modal + perfective form

Modal + have + Verb 3/been

Could + have V3/been	§ To express something could actually happen in the past. (sebenarnya bisa) è He could have eaten ice cream. (he actually could eat it, but he didn’t)
Might + have V3/been	§ To express a propabilityor an assumption that something happened in the past. àHis shoes were still dirty, he might have forgotten to clean it. (probably she forgot)
Should +have V3/been	§ To express an unaccomplished action/event in the past (harusnya dilakukan tp tdk) àShe should have done her homework last night. (she actually had to do but she didn’t)
Must +have V3/been	§ To express a logical conclusion that something happened in the past based on certain facts/data.the truth is not absolut. è They failed in the exam. They must not have studied. ( i believe/conclude that they didn’t study for the exam)

Exercise:

Do as the example: The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (I must/be/asleep)

                                  à I must have been asleep.

1.       That dress you bought is very good quality. (it must/be/ very expensive)

2.       I haven’t seen Jack for ages. (he must/go/away)

3.       I wonder where my umbrella is. (you must/leave/it on the train)

4.       She knew everything about our [plans.(she must/listen/to our conversation)

5.       When I woke up this morning, the light was on.(I must/forget / to turn it off)

6.       I don’t undertand how the accident happened. (the driver couldn’t/see/ the red light)

7.       Deni did the opposite of what I asked him to do. (he couldn’t/understand/what I said)

8.       Dian passed the exam. He didn’t study for it. (the exam couldn’t/ be/very difficult)